Bex.Or.th
Contents
What is Bond
Bond is a contractual agreement between lender (investor) and borrower (issuer). The issuer is obligated to pay the lenders/investors periodic coupon payments until the stated maturity. Thus, bond investor has the claim of the future cash flows from holding the bond.
The information regarding the periodic interest rates, frequency of the coupon payments, term to maturity, par value of the bond, redemption value of the bond and any other provisions are all stated in the prospectus when a bond is issued. In Thailand, once a bond is auctioned off the primary market, the bond can be electronically traded in the secondary market, Bond Electronic Exchange (BEX). There are several names associated with bond, such as debt instrument, fixed income instrument, debenture, etc.
The major constituents of a bond
1. Issuer – the issuing organization can be either a government-related body or a private entity. Issuer is the one who needs the additional capital, and thus is the borrower of the proceeds. Issuer is obligated to pay the future cash flows in term of interest payments and repay the principal at the maturity of the issue.
2. Type of bond – the specification of each bond is clearly ide<sup>Superscript text</sup>ntified in its prospectus when the bond is issued. There are many varieties of bond that can be customized to the specific needs of the issuer. Some of the examples of bond that can be issued are straight bond, zero-coupon bond, step-up coupon bond, amortizing bond, convertible bond, bond issued with warrant, etc.
3. Term to maturity – the total amount of time between when a bond is issued and when the same bond matures.
4. Issue Date – the official issue date of the bond. It is also the date in which the coupon interest starts to accumulate.
5. Maturity Date – the date on which a debt becomes due for a completion of its interest payment and repayment of the principal. It is simply the date in which the borrower must pay back the money they have borrowed through the issue of a bond.
6. Par Value – par value is the promised amount repaid to investors by the issuer at maturity. Par value is sometimes referred to as face value or redemption value of the bond. Bonds issued in Thailand generally have a par value of 1,000 Baht.
7. Coupon Rate – the periodic interest payment on a bond is called “coupon”. It is the committed cash flow the issuer pays to an investor. The coupon rate is then the stated percentage rate of interest in which the coupon payments will be determined.
8. Payment Frequency – is the number of the coupon or interest payments, often on an annual basis. For example, a bond that is quoted to have a frequency of 4 means the bond will pay interest payment on a quarterly basis.
9. Issue Rating – Securities and Exchange Commission, Thailand (SEC) sets the credit rating rules required for every bond issued and sold in Thailand. There are two credit rating agencies in Thailand, Fitch and TRIS. The ratings are based on evaluation of an issuer’s financial strength to meet its payment obligations. Ratings range between AAA to D, whereas any ratings above BBB are considered investment grade.
Type of Bond
Bonds can be categorized into several sub-sectors based on their criteria and their options. The followings are a few examples:
- Straight bond , also known as an Option-free bond, is a bond that has no embedded option in its structure. Coupons are paid periodically and the redemption value is fully disbursed at maturity.
- Amortizing bond is a bond that has a schedule of periodic principal repayments over the life of the issue. The total principal is repaid in full at maturity. It implies, by its structure, that the bond price gradually decreases as its face value has been amortized.
- Convertible bond is a bond giving the bondholder the right, not an obligation, to exchange the bond for a pre-specified number of shares of common stock. Such feature allows the bondholder to take advantage of favorable movements in the when conversion value is lower than the market price of the common stock.
- Callable and puttable bond – for an option-free bond, the bond cannot be redeemed prior to its maturity. However, some bonds can be redeemed during its lives. It is common for a bond issue to include a provision in the indenture that gives either the bondholder and/or the issuer an option to take some action against the other party. The most common type of option embedded in a bond is a call feature, referred to as a callable bond. The provision grants the issuer the right to retire the debt, fully or partially, before the scheduled maturity date. On the other hand, an issue may also include a provision that allows the bondholder to tender (put) the bond back to the issuer prior to its maturity. An issue with this put provision is called putable bond. The advantage to the investor is that if interest rates rise, reducing the bond’s price, the investor can force the issuer to redeem the bond at par value.
Credit Ratings
Prior to purchasing debt securities or even to invest in mutual funds, all investors ought to, at minimum, learn the corporate ratings and the companies’ structures they intend to put their hard-earned savings in. Fortunately, individual investors do not need to perform all the necessary calculations and analysis. There are 2, approved by S.E.C., credit ratings agencies in Thailand; Fitch Ratings (Thailand) Limited and TRIS Rating Co., Ltd. These two companies provide investors with all the necessary information regarding the credit analysis. There are two dimensions of corporate credit analysis, which consists of:
First involves the “Traditional Credit Analysis” that deals with the computation of the firm’s financial ratios using historical data and compare the computed ratios with the average ratios from firms in a same industry.
Second deals with “Capturing the Changes in Credit Quality”, which concerns pro forma financial statement and ratios analysis to estimate the changes in company’s financial structure.
Credit risk comprises of three types of risk, Default risk, Credit spread risk, and Downgrade risk.
After the evaluation, the rating agencies typically rank them in alphabetical orders. Traditionally, any ratings at or above “BBB-“ are considered to be investment grades, while anything below the same “BBB-“ rating are considered speculative, or high yield, or junk bonds. The higher the risk, the higher the required rate of return. Therefore, the “AAA” bond will pay lower interest rate (or yield to maturity or required rate of return) than the “CCC” rating bond since it is perceived to carry a lower credit risk.
| Rating | Description |
|---|---|
| AAA | Highest rating. Issuer’s capacity to repay interest and principal is excellent. |
| AA | Very strong capacity to repay principal and interest. |
| A | Strong capacity to repay principal and interest. May be susceptible to adverse changes in economic conditions. |
| BBB | Adequate capacity to repay principal and interest. Adverse economic conditions will likely lead to erosion in ability to pay. |
| BB | Little near-term weakness but faces major ongoing uncertainties or exposure to adverse business, financial, or economic conditions that could lead to inadequate capacity to repay principal and interest. |
| B | Currently has the ability to pay principal and interest. Poor economic or business conditions would likely impair the ability to repay principal and interest. |
| C | This rating is applied to debt that is subordinated to senior debt that has been assigned a CCC rating. |
| D | Debt is currently in default. |
Background of Thai Bond Market
Role of Bond Market
Since the Asian financial crisis in 1997, bond has proven to be one of the major financial instruments. Bonds are generally divided into two major sectors, corporate issues and governmental issues. Bonds serve as both long-term and short-term financing alternatives to equities. Government has been relying on issuing bonds to support its financial restructuring and fiscal policy. Bond is a contractual agreement between lender (investor) and borrower (issuer). Although interest rates varied across the investing spectrum, they have been at their historic lows in the past several years. Government has been collaborating both issuers and investors to use bond as an alternative tool to investing and diversifying their portfolios. Finally, the development of the local bond market will strengthen the governmental policy in promoting the Asian Bond Market (ABM). ABM is a collaboration of Thailand and neighboring countries, which is intended to create financial independency within the region.
Bond Issuance
Once a corporation decides to issue bonds. Financial advisor will be appointed in helping to provide opinions on the type, conditions, and other relevant details of bond issuance. The financial advisor helps in preparing all the necessary documents regarding the bonds being issued in order to obtain SEC’s permission. Then, the advisor will go through the course of getting the bond rated by one of the two SEC’s approved rating agencies. In addition, the company must appoint an underwriter who will allocate the bond to investors after receiving the SEC's approval. In some cases, issuers may decide to go through the process without the help of a financial advisor or underwriter.
There are two types of bond offerings. The first one is private placement, PP, where the offer is made to fewer than 10 investors or the issue size is less than 100 million Baht.
The second type is public offering, PO, which can be further subdivided into two additional categories. The first subset is a bond that is offered to a limited group of investors, particularly institutional investors. There is a condition in the secondary market that only allows institutional investors to buy and sell these bonds. This type of bond is negotiated and trade off the Exchange floor, referred to as an “Over-the-Counter” (OTC). The second subset involves bonds that can be bought and sold by any investors. Since these bonds are offered to a variety of investors, they are more actively traded in the secondary market. This bond category can be registered to trade on the Bond Electronic Exchange, BEX.
Investment and Return
Investor can choose to invest in bonds through either primary or secondary markets. The primary market allows investors to participate in the first market activities, by buying issues directly from issuer. For corporate issues, most firms appoint underwriters and selling agents to help them allocate the issues and with other underwriting processes, while applying for SEC’s approvals. The primary market for governmental issues is mostly auctioning method.
Once a bond has gone through the initial transaction in the primary market, the issue can subsequently be traded in the secondary market. Secondary market promotes the liquidity, thus reduces the price risk. Investors can engage in trading transactions through the secondary market facility. Most transactions, in the secondary market, occur over-the-counter (OTC) by large institutional investors. Transparency has been one of the major concerns for smaller investors.
In order to support the development of Thai and subsequently Asian bond market in the region, The Stock Exchange of Thailand launched a new division, Bond Electronic Exchange [BEX], on November 26th, 2003. The creation of BEX will introduce investors to an additional investing instrument and the benefit of diversification. As the name implies, electronic trading platform is BEX’s main feature. The main thrust for choosing an electronic platform over the more traditional OTC as a trading tool is because it promotes transparency, uniformity, and real-time price quoting system.
Return on Investment
There are 3 different sources of return associated with bond investing.
- Interest income
- Principal repayment
- Capital gain
1) Interest income In general, interest income or the periodic coupon income from investing in bond can be calculated based on fixed or floating rates methods. The rates and frequency of payments are clearly stated in the prospectus when a bond is issued.
2) Principal repayment When a bond reaches its maturity, the redemption value will be returned to the bondholder. For a non-amortizing bond, the redemption value is equal to the face value of the bond, but is not necessary be equal to the initial purchase price of the bond. For an amortizing bond, the redemption value may or may not be equivalent to face value, par value or the initial purchase price of the bond.
3) Capital gain Capital gain is where the proceeds from sale of a bond exceed the original cost to obtain the bond, and the opposite is true for capital loss. Capital gain occurs when a bond is sold at a profit, and can take place during the life of the bond or at the maturity.
Price and Yield Calculation
There is an inverse relationship between bond price and interest rate. The interest rate or yield in this context, indeed, is the yield-to-maturity, which is the required rate of return from bond investment. The required rate of return is closely correlated with the market yield. In fact, market yield is the benchmark that investors use in determining the required yield from bond investment. Since the bond price is derived from summing up the present value of the future cash flows, it implicitly implies that when market yield increases, bond price will drop, and vice versa.
A bond can be priced at par, premium o r discount, depending on the difference between required yield and its coupon rate. If the coupon rate and the required yield are identical, the bond will be priced at par, or a par bond (par is usually set at 1,000 Baht). When the investor’s required yield is higher than the co upon rate, the bond will be sold at discount. A non-technical explanation will be that if an investor is willing to purchase a bond, which pays lower interest than the market’s required rate of return, the investor must be compensated for the lower coupon rate. The compensation, thus, comes in a form of a lower price to be paid by the investor. Last but not least, if the bond offers a coupon rate higher than the required yield, the bond will be sold at premium. A similar non-technical elaboration implies that if an investor is willing to purchase this bond, which offers higher interest than the ongoing market’s required yield, the investor must be willing to pay extra for the higher coupon rate.
Price of a bond is the present value of future cash flow receipts from holding the bond until maturity. The future cash flows from a bond (interest and redemption value) are the benefit that an investor earns from holding the bond. Rationally, an investor will only pay premium for the benefit he will get. The present value of the total future cash flows becomes the price of the bond because of this rationale.
Suppose ABC’s bond will mature in 5 years. The redemption value is 1,000 Baht. Coupon is determined to be at 5% annually. The yield to maturity (required yield) is 7%. The coupon will be paid once a year (Frequency).
Factors to Bond Price Variation
There are several factors affecting bond price. The market interest rate is one of the major contributors to bond price fluctuation. The issuer’s credit rating also adds price volatility. When the issuer’s financial outlook is improved, the credit rating is increased, reflecting in a higher bond price or lower yield. On the other hand, when the issuer’s credit rating is reduced, investors will want to be compensated for accepting a higher risk, reflecting in a lower bond price or higher yield. The lack of liquidity also poses some threats to the bond price. Investors should also be aware of the fact that all of these factors are part of the monetary and fiscal policy, in addition to the overall economy where the issuer is operating its business.
Bond Trading
Trading Fixed Income Instruments on the Exchange
The Bond Electronic Exchange (BEX) was officially established by the Stock Exchange of Thailand on 26 November 2003 as the secondary market of bond trading for retail investors and institutional investors under the mission as follows:
- To be the efficient secondary market of bond trading in term of quantity, quality, and governance.
- To aim studying and developing the innovative bond market-trading infrastructure to meet the same international standards.
- To continually educate and promote bond investment to investors and bond trading to market participants.
Initially, the goal for establishing BEX is to encourage the bond trading for retail investors, since it was a little chance for retail investor to reach bond trading in the secondary market at the fair price, proper time and the creditable clearing and settlement. The lack of bond knowledge and experience together with the inconvenient trade of individual in the secondary market considerably affect the bond market development in Thailand.
Thus, BEX encourages bond trading to retail investors with setting up the bond trading system that facilitates more convenient trading, transparent price, and efficient clearing and settlement. The trading system is classifed into two methods comprising of Automatic Order Matching (AOM) method under the price then time basis for trading values that do not exceed THB10 million or do not go over 10,000 units and Put Through (PT) method for the trading value that is over THB10 million or more than 10,000 units. In addition, BEX promotes and educates investors the importance of bond investment and the benefit of diversification through academic seminar and media outlets such as website, brochure, leaflet, booth exhibition, radio documentary and television documentary.
Bond Electronic Exchange, BEX, was established to provide investors with additional investment instruments. In addition to a better access to information by investors, BEX will also provide investors with an ease to conduct trading transactions. BEX enhances the bond’s secondary market. Prior to BEX, bonds were traded in the Over-the-Counter ‘OTC’, which was mainly the institutional investors arena. Small investors were unable to get into that particular market due to its size and its ambiguity or simply the lack of information.
BEX is currently working under the trade-by-price method. However, the committed price will be converted into indicative yield to assist in decision-making. In the very near future, both government and corporate bonds will be listed on the BEX. While currently only publicly listed companies’ bonds are allowed to trade on BEX, non-listed companies will soon be able to have their bonds traded on the exchange as well. The commission fee associated with bond trading required by brokerage companies is not fixed and subject to negotiation between the investors and their respective brokers.
Information for Investment
Decision-making’s Information Information is one of the most valuable information for decision-making in the fast moving financial world. Investor ought to know as much information as s/he necessary can prior to making a final investing decision. Investor can log into BEX website for most of the investing related information. Examples are economic data such as inflation and market interest rates, analytical tools used in calculating rate of return, and individual bond data such as maturity date, issue date and coupon rate.
Prospectus Prospectus of a bond provides full details of the bond being issued. A prospectus contains information such as company financial statements, company’s future prospect and risk, positive covenants, negative pledges, the term to maturity of the bond, coupon rates and frequency, credit rating and others.
Risk associated with bond investing A concern associated with investing is the risk versus return characteristic of the investment instrument. There are several types of risks involved in bond investing. The following are a few examples.
- Interest-Rate Risk
Typical bond price will change in the opposite direction from a change in interest rates. When interest rates rise, bond price drops, and vice versa. Therefore, the volatility in the market interest rates lead to the price volatility. If an investor has to liquidate a bond prior to its maturity, an increase in interest rate will have an adverse effect on the sell price. This type of risk is referred to as “interest-rate risk”.
- Credit Risk
Credit risk, also known as “Default risk”, is the risk that the issuer of a bond may default. The credit risk is gauged by credit rating agencies. There are two credit rating agencies in Thailand, Fitch and TRIS. A change in bond credit rating will have a direct and immediate consequence with the value of a bond.
- Liquidity Risk
Liquidity risk can also be referred to as “Marketability risk”. One of the primary measures of liquidity is the size of the spread between bid and ask prices. The wider the spread, the lower the liquidity, and thus the higher the liquidity risk. Transparency and uniformity create liquidity, and thus Bond Electronic Exchange, BEX, was established to oversee the bond’s secondary market development.
BEX Trading Systems
BEX has successfully developed bond trading systems that provide more convenient and efficient trading facilities for all types of investors since 2003. BEX separates its bond trading systems into 2 main independent systems, one for retail investors and another one for institutional investors and dealers. This is done in order to improve the liquidity in the bond market as well as to boost transparency, to improve trading effciency and to make clearing and settlement easier.
In order to attract bond activities in both retail and wholesale markets, BEX has been granted and approval by the SET's board of directors to include all types of bonds in the exchange including government bond, state agency bonds, state owned enterprise bonds and corporate bonds. Asian bonds have been listed on BEX to promote the liquidity both domestically and internationally.
In the macro perspective, The government has realized the importance of bond market as the crucial part of financial market and economic. In December of 2004, BEX officially appointed by the Ministry of Finance as the centralized bond trading in Thailand. Then, BEX creates the centralized electronic trading platform to facilitate the bond trading for dealer and institutional investors.
BEX names the electronic trading platform "Fixed Income and Related Securities Trading System" (Firsts), and was launched in the early of year 2006. Firsts facilitates the real-time electronic trading with the easy-to-use functions to support the bluk of trading value a day. The efficient functions such as Bid & Ask function, Negotiation, Central Trading Information, Analytical Tools and Back office integration make the great benefits to dealer and institutional investor as well as to dealer and institutional investor as well as to enhance the liquidity of bond market.
Retail Bond Market
AOM (Automatic Order Matching). Similar to equity trading at SET, Bond Trading System for Retail Market is operated under Automatic Order Matching or AOM method, which is on a price-then-time basis for trading values that do not exceed THB10 million or do not go over 10,000 units. On the other hand, when the trading value is over THB10 million or more than 10,0000 units, trading is then undertaken using the Put Through method.
An investor can place orders through a member of the Exchange, licensed brokerage company, who is turn, enter the order into BEX's trading system. AOM method will include all bonds that are public offering from both government and corporate sectors. For the corporate issues, only bonds with investment grade (BBB and higher) will be allowed to trade via AOM. For the clearing and settlement, the government issues will be operated through the Gross Settlement basis, 2 business days after the transaction day (T+2). On the other hand, the corporate issues will be carried through the Net Settlement basis at T+2.
Put Through (PT) method. When the trading value crosses over 10,000 units, which is roughly equivalent to 10 millioin Baht, an alternative method provided by BEX called "Put Through" (PT) must be selected. With PT method, the counterparties can negotiate off the Exchange. Once the deal is finalized, 6the seller can initiate the Put Through transaction, which then needs to be verified and to be confirmed by the buyer.
Upon the completion of the confirmation process, the buyer will allow that transaction to go to the next process, clearing and settlement. Either public offering or private placement bonds can be listed and traded on the PT system. Similar to the AOM method, the clearing and settlement for government issues will also be on the gross settlement basis, but at a transaction plus 2 or less days selectable by an investor. For corporate issues, an investor can choose either gross or net settlement. The gross settlement can be settled in the same manner as of the government issues, but the net settlement is fixed at T+2 days. Another divergence from the AOM method, there are no credit ratings of issues or issuers.
Wholesale Bond Market
Apart from enhancing the liquidity for retail market under AOM method, BEX has aimed to facilitate the trading activities among institutional investors and market participants including bank, securities firm, fund management company to deal the bond trading effciently. Thus we have developed Electronic Trading Platform (ETP) called
Indicative Signs
Indicative signs are placed by the BEX in order to convey some information to investors. Examples of those symbols are as followed.
- XI (Exclude interest) shows that the buyer of this bond will not be eligible to receive the interest in that period.
- XP (Exclude principal) advises investor who purchases the bond that s/he will not be entitled to receive the principal payment in that period. Normally, this sign is associated with amortizing bond prior to its maturity date.
- NP, NR, SP and H are the symbols used in the same manner as employed by the Stock Exchange of Thailand.
Firsts
Firsts: Fixed Income and Related Securities Trading System, is operated with high modern technology accommodating 200 - 300 users concurrently and covering maximum 5,000 transactions a day.
The well-organized system of Firsts provides all efficient functions to support the trading activities; namely Bid & Ask function, Negotiation, Central Trading Information, Analytical Tools such as calculation, index as well as to connect the clearing and settlement system through Thailand Securities Depository Co.,Ltd. (TSD) soon.
Firsts independently separate the trading board between D2D (dealer to dealer) and D2C (dealer to client) in order to facilitate trading transaction among investors.
The Clearing and Settlement Process
Once the order’s execution is completed, the clearing and settlement process is the next most important procedures, ensuring investors’ confidences. A good C&S procedure reduces the counterparty risk. Counterparty risk refers to the case where one party fails to deliver the promised bond, and the other party fails to pay the cash associated with the transaction. Thailand Securities Depository, Co.,ltd, known as TSD, administers this process. Currently, it takes 2 working days to complete the clearing and settlement transaction once the order has been executed. To simplify the procedure, investors are encouraged to make scrip deposit to TSD prior to any deal taking place.
Taxation on Bond Investment of Thailand
Currently, the incomes such as interest income, capital gain, and discount earned from the investments of debenture and government bond are taxable. The tax rates are subject to the categories of the investors. (Provided as of 1 February 2006)
- Individual Taxation
- Corporate Taxation
More detail, please visit here “ Note : The taxation rates and conditions imposed on Nonresident Investors as noted above are subject to change over time. Please refer to www.rd.go.th for the latest information.”
Rule Book of Bond Listing in Thailand
More detail, please visit here
External links
References
- Fabozzi, Frank J. (2009). Bond Markets, Analysis and Strategies: 7th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Fabozzi, Frank J.; Franco Modigliani (2009). Capital Markets: Institutions and Instruments: 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
